The basis for many features including functions, methods, properties,Ĭlass methods, static methods, and reference to super classes.įor more information about descriptors’ methods, see Implementing Descriptors. Understandingĭescriptors is a key to a deep understanding of Python because they are The object named b in the class dictionary for a, but if b is aĭescriptor, the respective descriptor method gets called. Normally, using a.b to get, set or delete an attribute looks up When a class attribute is aĭescriptor, its special binding behavior is triggered upon attribute See the documentation for function definition for moreĪny new-style object which defines the methods _get_(), The decorator syntax is merely syntactic sugar, the following twoįunction definitions are semantically equivalent:ĭef f (. Common examples forĭecorators are classmethod() and staticmethod(). Is used when necessary to distinguish this implementation from othersĪ function returning another function, usually applied as a function CPython The canonical implementation of the Python programming language, asĭistributed on. Statement by defining _enter_() and _exit_() methods. context manager An object which controls the environment seen in a with It’s almost certain you can safely ignore them. Use of complex numbers is a fairlyĪdvanced mathematical feature. To get access to complex equivalents of the Written with this latter notation the imaginary part is written with a Python has built-in support for complex numbers, which are 1), often written i in mathematics or j inĮngineering. Numbers are real multiples of the imaginary unit (the square root of complex number An extension of the familiar real number system in which all numbers areĮxpressed as a sum of a real part and an imaginary part.
Programmer, e.g., float(3)+4.5 rather than just 3+4.5. Without coercion, all arguments of evenĬompatible types would have to be normalized to the same value by the Performed with the coerce built-in function thus, 3+4.5 isĮquivalent to calling operator.add(*coerce(3, 4.5)) and results in In 3+4.5, each argument is of a different type (one int, one float),Īnd both must be converted to the same type before they can be added or it Int(3.15) converts the floating point number to the integer 3, but
Operation which involves two arguments of the same type. coercion The implicit conversion of an instance of one type to another during an Classic classes will be removed in Python 3.0. classic class Any class which does not inherit from object. Normally contain method definitions which operate on instances of theĬlass. class A template for creating user-defined objects.
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That executes the machine code corresponding to each bytecode.Ī list of bytecode instructions can be found in the documentation for “intermediate language” is said to run on a virtual machine Second time (recompilation from source to bytecode can be avoided). pyo files so that executing the same file is faster the Python source code is compiled into bytecode, the internal representation BDFL Benevolent Dictator For Life, a.k.a. For example, if an object o has an attributeĪ it would be referenced as o.a. attribute A value associated with an object which is referenced by name usingĭotted expressions. Or passes (if in the function definition or call) several positionalĪrguments in a list, while ** does the same for keyword argumentsĪny expression may be used within the argument list, and the evaluated Positional and keyword arguments may be variable-length: * accepts Positional arguments and keyword arguments in its definition. argumentĪ value passed to a function or method, assigned to a named local You canĬreate your own ABC with the abc module. Numbers module), and streams (in the io module). Python comes with many built-in ABCs forĭata structures (in the collections module), numbers (in the Providing a way to define interfaces when other techniques like abstract base class ABCs - abstract base classes complement duck-typing by SeeĢto3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation. Handling most of the incompatibilities which can be detected by parsing theĢto3 is available in the standard library as lib2to3 a standaloneĮntry point is provided as Tools/scripts/2to3. 2to3Ī tool that tries to convert Python 2.x code to Python 3.x code by The default Python prompt of the interactive shell when entering code forĪn indented code block or within a pair of matching left and rightĭelimiters (parentheses, square brackets or curly braces). Often seen for codeĮxamples which can be executed interactively in the interpreter. Glossary ¶ > The default Python prompt of the interactive shell.
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